HARDWARE QUESTIONS

1. What is BIOS ?

• - BIOS Standards for Basic Input Output System.
• - It is a Rom Chip on the Motherboard.
• - It is an Interface between Computer hardware & its Operating System.
• There are Basically Four Functions of BIOS:-
• - (POST) :- Power on Self Test,It Checks all hardware connected Properly or not.
• - (BOOTSTRAP LOADER) :- It finds a Bootable Drive & Load its Operating System.
• - (SETUP UTILITY PROGRAM) :- In a Non-volatile Memory the information about Computer System is Stored.
• - (BIOS DRIVERS) :- It is a Collections of Program Stored in One or more EPROM or EEPROM.

2. What is difference between ddr1, ddr2, ddr3, ddr4 Memory's ?

- Difference between ddr1,2,3 & 4 are all about their Speed means a Frequency & their Pins & the
  Operating Voltages.

• - DDR1 has 184 Pins and 2.5 Operating Voltage & Approximately 200-400 MHz Frequency.
• - DDR2 has 240 Pins and 1.8 Operating Voltage & Approximately 400-800 MHz Frequency.
• - DDR3 has 240 Pins and 1.5 Operating Voltage & Approximately 800-1800 MHz Frequency.
• - DDR4 is Latest & it has 288 Pins and 1.2 Operating Voltage & Approximately 1800-2133 MHz  Frequency.

3. What is Difference between SATA and PATA ?

- 

• - SATA Stand for Serial Advanced Technology .
• - It Transfers a Data Bit by Bit from One Drive to Another Drive.
• - SATA has a Data Transfer Speed of 150/300/600 MBs/ Seconds.

• - PATA Stands for Parallel Advanced Technology Attachement. 
• - It Transfers Data of 8 bit from One Drive to Another Drive or One Device to Another.

- PATA has a Data Transfer Speeds of 66/100/133 MBs/ Seconds.Therefore, SATA is Faster than    PATA.

3. What are the Difference Types of Hard disk ?

- PATA - Parallel Advanced Technology Attachement.

- SATA - Serial Advanced Technology Attachement

- IDE - Integrated Drive Environment.

- SCSI - Small Computer System Interface.

- SSD - Solid State Drive.

4. Troubleshooting No Power Problems in PC 
- Check Power cord Connected Properly or Not.

• - Press Power Button of Cabinet, and see the LED Light is Glowing, or the FAN is rotating or Not.
• - Open Cabinet, Check SMPS by Using Multi-meter by Shorting Green and Black wire with Metallic
•   wire & also the Compatible Voltages.
• - Disconnect the Third-Party Hardware Such as Printer & Scanner, if Connected.
• - Check for Defective Button, Replace it.

Troubleshooting No Power Problem in Laptop

• - Check the AC Adapter by Using Multi-meter
• - Dis-Assemble the Laptop & Remove Top Cover.
• - Connect the Power Adapter directly to DC in Jack, & Measure Voltages as per Adapter Mentioned.
• - If there is a No voltage,Check for Harness/ Cable & it has to be replaced.
• - Check the Fuse on Motherboard.
• - Replace the DC to DC Converter Chip.

5. Troubleshooting No Display Problem in PC

• - Plug Power cord & Check the Monitor is turning ON.
• - Move mouse and tap key of keyboard, to ensure that it is not in suspended Mode.
• - Check for Brightness, if Monitor is turning ON.
• - Check VGA Cable
• - Check RAM by Cleaning & Re-installing on Another Slot.
• - Check CMOS Battery Voltage and Re-insert it.
• - Remove internal Hardware to ensure which is creating a Fault.
• - Check for BIOS Version and date and if necessary Update it.

Troubleshooting  No Display Problem in Laptop.

• - Check Power Adapter is Properly Connected or not.
• - Check Power ON Indication on Laptop Screen
• - Check for Brightness by Pressing Fn + Up arrow key For increasing & Fn + down arroy key.
• - Check RAM by inserting & Removing Dust.
• - Check by Connecting another Monitor for display and if the Display has come, then the
•    screen is Faulty.

6.  How to Check SMPS Faulty ?
- First Check the Power Cord Connected Properly.
- Check the Continuity of Power Cord & if it is OK.
- Open the Cabinet, Remove all Connections from Motherboard.


- Take a Metallic Wire, Short the Green & Black Wire in ATX Power 24 Pin Connector
- Switch ON, the Supply if fan Rotates, then it is Working.
- If not, then it is Faulty.

7. What are the Different DC Voltages ?
- IN SMPS,
                  
- As Shown Above,
                               Orange - 3.3V
                               Yellow - 12v
                                Blue - -12v
                                Red - +5V
                                Green - OK Signal
                                Purple - +5v Standby Volatges
                                Black - Ground/common
                                Gray - Power Supply Good or OK Signal

8. How to Set Boot Priority for USB in BIOS ?

•  Enter in BIOS by Pressing Enter, Del & Esc Key.
•  Go, to Boot Sequence Tab, Click onto it.
•  Set the First Boot Priority as "Removable Disk" by Entering into 1st Boot Sequence & Select  Removable Disk.
•  Your, Priority will Set as (USB).

9. What is Overclocking ?

• Generally, it is related to Processor
• Overclocking means if my Processor Speed is 3.20 GHz & if it is Running 4 or 5 GHz that means it is Overclocking.

10. What is BSOD Error, Causes and how to resolve it ?

•  Generally, three Lines indicates the Error & it looks like a Blue Screen Dump.
• The Name of Error, Code of Error & when Blue Screen Occurs, Windows Automatically    Creates a "Mini-dump" & Save to our Hard Drive.
• Command for Checking a Bad Sectors is  >chkdsk c : /x /f /r
• There will be Defective RAM.
• Overheat Problem.
•  Also browse the Solution by Entering a Name & Code of Error through Internet.

11. How Can I Upgrade a RAM ?

• - First go to an Manufacturer Website
• - Check whether we can Upgrade.
• - Add one more RAM or else Replace with Older RAM.
• - Open the Cabinet & insert the New RAM into Another Slot.
• - Close the Cabinet and the Performance will Boost

12. How to Resolve a Hanged Computer ?

• - Clean the RAM & Check.
• - Check RAM by using Memory diagnostic Tool.
• - Check for a Hard disk Bad Sector or Free up Some Space if it is Full.
• - Use "chkdsk" Command for Checking bad Sector.
• - Check the Processor if it is Overheating, then Apply Thermal Paste to avoid from Overheating.
• - Go to BIOS, Check a Processor Overclocking.
• - Check the Compatible Voltages of SMPS.

13. How to Resolve Random Restart Problem ?

• - Check Power Cable
• - Check Motherboard for an any Broken Power Connector.
• - Check Fan is Rotating or not.
• - If not Replace it or Add Additional Fan.
• - Replace a RAM by Another Empty Slot.
• - Clean the RAM & also the Slot of RAM.

14. How to Resolve Audio Problem in PC

• - First Check Speaker Volume Settings.
• - On, Taskbar there is a Sound Symbol & Check it is Mute or Not.
• - Check Audio Jack is Properly Connected on the Correct Audio Port that is Green (line out).
• - Replace a Faulty Cable.
• - Check BIOS and Enable a High Definition Audio if it is Disable.

15. Troubleshoot No Audio issue & Webcam in Laptop

• - Enable Audio Configuration in BIOS
• - Connect a Speaker & Headphones Externally & if Audio Works, then Replace Audio Jack.
• - Test Internal Speaker by Connecting a External Speaker.
• - If Audio not works , Replace Internal Speaker.

                      Webcam

• - Go to BIOS Setting, in Peripherals Enable the Webcam
• - Check any Sticker is Covering a Webcam or not.
• - Check the Drivers Installed.
• - Connect a Webcam Externally & if it works then the Hardware is OK.

16. How to Check a Hard Disk Bad Sector 
There are two ways to check Bad Sectors of Hard disk.

















- By Command
- By Manually
By Manually :- Go to my PC, double Clcik
                          Go to System Drive (c).
Right Click ; go to properties ;go to Tools Check now ; Click for Bad Sector.
By Command :- Type chkdsk command in command prompt.

17. How to Resolve Computer Slow Problem 

• - Close all the Programs which are active in Background.
• - Ensure that the Antivirus is Not Scanning the Computer since it also make it  Slow.
• - Delete Temp files by Command such as %temp% in command prompt.
• - Free Hard drive Spaces
• - Check for Bad Sector.
• - Scan for Viruses.

18. How to Troubleshoot 3 Short Beeps Problems of Computer 

• - This 3 Short Beeps Indicates That there is RAM Problem.
• - Check the RAM if necessary Replace it.

19. What is Turbo boost and Virtualization ?

•  Turbo boost means when a Processor demands a High Processing speed or Frequency then, it is  Used.
• Virtualization means a Running a two Operating System in One Single Machine.
•  It is available in Intel Core i5, Core i7 and some Core i3 processors. Intel achieves Turbo Boost using dynamic overclocking techniques.

Process To Dial International Toll Free Number

How to Dial International Toll-Free Numbers

Toll-free numbers are free calls because the receiving party–typically a business–pays for the call.

International calls are expensive, so many owners of toll-free numbers choose to block access from international callers.

One exception is a number that is a Universal International Freephone Number.

These numbers have a separate country code (800) and allow you to dial the number toll free from any country in the world. For regular toll-free numbers, you have a few options to try to make your call.

Dial International toll-free number using an exit code and country code.

Step 1

Check to see if the number is a Universal International Freephone Number.

If it is, then you can dial it directly. Dial your country's exit code.

For example, the exit code in the United States is 011.

Dial the freephone country number (800) and then the telephone number.

For example, calling from the United States, you would dial 011-800-XXXX-XXXX.

Step 2

Sign up for service with Sipbroker, Voipbuster, or Skype.

Once you have signed up, you can dial toll-free numbers from abroad. Each provider has different standards for dialing.

For example, to dial a toll-free number from Skype, type the country code and then the number after the plus sign.

Step 3

Buy a calling card and dial the closest toll-free access number listed on the card. 

After you have dialed the pin number, you can call toll-free numbers. For example, to call the United States, dial 1 (the country code) then the toll free number. If you are in the United States and you want to dial out to another country, dial the exit code (011) and then the number.

LED/LCD Indicators on Servers

LED/LCD Indicators on Servers

• The left arrow “<”moves the cursor back in one-step increments.
• The select button “✓” selects the currently highlighted menu item.
• The left arrow “>” moves the cursor forward in one-step increments.
• Screen

LEDs explained

The number of LEDs on a particular server depends on the amount of physical space available on the front of the chassis

There are four different LED configurations: one with six icons, two others with four icons each.

 And one with a single LED icon..

System ID:

The rear System ID button contains two LEDs; one is blue and the other is amber.

LED State	System State	Error state on LCD
LED OFF	System is OFF	No Active Error
Solid Blue	System is ON	No Active Error
Blinking Amber (2 second on ,1 second off)¥	System is ON or OFF	There are active errors present; this mode supersedes LED OFF and Solid Blue above  and can be active when the system is on  OR off
Blinking Blue (1 second on ,1 second off)*	System is ON or OFF	System ID Mode is active; this mode supersedes all states listed above and can be active when the system is on  OR off

 Errors and Alerts via the LCD

• Cable and board presence
• Temperature
• Voltages
• Fans
• Processors
• Memory
• Power Supplies
• BIOS
• Hard drives

How to configure DVR

 connect your DVR from your system.
Press "Ctrl+R' button and type "cmd' then command prompt
 system after that type "ipconfig" then see what is you are getting IP address
then that ip address put on your internet explorer url such as "192.168.0.1".


2. After that you will get DVR admin portal for login in that put user name and password by default username "admin" and password "1'.

3. TCP/IP type:    Static

4. IP address: 192.168.1.XX

5. Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0   (Depends on the IP address class)

6. Gateway: 192.168.1.1

     You can check the gateway address by opening command prompt and           type ipconfig/all.         

 

7. DNS1: __. __. __. __

    DNS2: __. __. __. __

8. You can easily find the DNS of your ISP by using the command ipconfig/all in command prompt.

9. Click SAVE and that’s all.

Hardware and Software Used in ATM

An ATM is typically made up of the following devices

• CPU (to control the user interface and transaction devices)

• Magnetic or chip card reader (to identify the customer)

• EPP4   (Electronic PIN Pad version 4 )similar in layout to a touch tone or calculator keypad.

• 
  

• Display (used by the customer for performing the transaction)

• Function key buttons (usually close to the display) or a touchscreen (used to select the various aspects of the transaction)

• Record printer (This is generally used thermal printer)

• Vault (It store the cash cartridge)

• Housing (for aesthetics and to attach signage to)

• Sensors and indicators.

 

Software Used in ATM

• ATMs worldwide use Microsoft Windows XP Embedded,

         While some of ATMs softwear is also based on LINUX.

 

• Indian company Vortex Offer Linux based ATMs in INDIA.

Cisco WebEx

Cisco WebEx

WebEx is a set of tools designed for personal and corporate collaboration.
 It’s used to connect to others, typically through the internet, and allows you to communicate with audio, video, text chat, file sharing, whiteboard and other features.

WebEx uses: 

• To hold and attend online meetings, collaborate on team projects, and share documents
• To record/capture class lectures and facilitate student discussions for distance education
• To watch and attend presentations, communicate with the presenter, and collaborate with remote     participants.

How does it work? 

WebEx software is delivered over the web as you need it. The first time you attend a meeting, WebEx will automatically install on your computer – and takes only a few moments.

You can use WebEx from any computer with an internet connection, and from most smartphones and tablets. You can schedule a WebEx lecture or meeting ahead of time, or start one spontaneously as needed.

If you use WebEx to invite someone to a lecture or meeting, they will receive an email that allows them to attend. Attendees don't have to have a WebEx account. Your invitation includes a link they can click to join you online.   

Virtualization Basics

Terms used in Virtualization

Hypervisor

A thin OS designed solely to provide virtualization. It drives physical hardware, executes VMs, and dynamically shares the underlying hardware with the associated virtual hardware.

Host system

The host system, also referred to as the parent, is where the physical hardware and software is installed. 

These physical components are then copied by the hypervisor and delivered in a virtual state to the user.

If you are creating a virtual desktop environment, then the host system will have the desktop’s OS installed on it, along with the necessary software.

Guest system

The guest system, also referred to as the child, is where the VM is accessed. 

To carry the example on from above, the OS that is installed on the host machine is replicated by the hypervisor and the copy is then delivered to the user.

The user can interact with the OS just as they would with the physical host machine, because the guest system is an exact copy of the host. 

The only difference is, the guest machine is virtual instead of physical.

There are Two types of  Hypervisors 

Type 1 hypervisors run directly on the system hardware. They are often referred to as a "native" or "bare metal" or "embedded" hypervisors in vendor literature.

Type 2 hypervisors run on a host operating system. When the virtualization movement first began to take off, Type 2 hypervisors were most popular. Administrators could buy the software and install it on a server they already had.